世界哲學史3 中世紀篇(I)中世紀哲學的革命:超越與普遍
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世界哲學史3 中世紀篇(I)中世紀哲學的革命:超越與普遍

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世界哲學史3 中世紀篇(I)中世紀哲學的革命:超越與普遍: : KUNITAKE ITO primer SHIRO YAMAUCHI library TAKAHIRO NAKAJIMA NOTOMI NOBURU NOTOMI NOBURU SHIRO YAMAUCHI REI HAKAMADA HIROKO YAMAZAKI TETSUYA NAGASHIMA IZUMI SEKIZAWA TATSUYA KIKUCHI TAKI SUTOU YOSHINOBU SHINO KEI KATAOKA RYUUICHI ABE MASANORI YABUMOTO YASUHIRA KANAYAMA HIDEMITSU TAKAHASHI YASUHIRO OOTSUKI

作者: 伊藤邦武 / 山內志朗 / 中島隆博 / 納富信留 |譯者: 鄭天恩


日本筑摩書房創社八十週年紀念鉅獻,集結日本哲學界逾百位專家陣容
跨越三千年人類智慧的結晶,在「世界哲學史」中探索心靈的力量
 
從歐洲、伊斯蘭世界到印度、中國、日本
多元哲學生成與發展,宗教與哲學共創的思想新時代
 
西方哲學如何透過經院哲學等神學系統,開展全新的變化?
伊斯蘭教與佛教又如何在古老的宗教傳統上發展全新的哲學? 
 
  《世界哲學史》系列以全九冊的形式,全景式地回顧古代至現代的哲學發展,並透過各時代的主題,從同時代的視角探討多元的哲學傳統。其出版的主旨是,在縱向梳理全球哲學思想與實踐的過程中,讓我們理解當下的位置,並指引未來的方向。
 
  本系列致力以嶄新的視野重構人類智慧的發展歷程,從全球視角出發,展示東西方智慧的交流與對話,以突破單一文化視角的侷限。本系列分為古代、中世紀、近代與現代四個時期,涵蓋哲學的起源、交融、衝突與互動,並匯集日本哲學界最新的研究成果,為讀者提供嶄新的觀點,進而啟發讀者對哲學發展及未來的思考。
 
  《世界哲學史》第三冊聚焦於中世紀初期哲學的發展,在宗教力量崛起的背景下,人類思想逐步邁向超越個體的普世理想,並揭示「中世紀哲學的革命」從根本上改變了哲學與宗教的關係。此時,各大宗教如基督教、伊斯蘭教和佛教在不同文化背景中各自深化,而逐漸成為具有普世意涵的信仰體系。本書從多文化的視角出發,探討哲學如何與信仰深度交融,並開啟「超越」與「普遍」的哲學探索,進而建立早期「世界哲學」的雛形。
 
  在此背景下,希臘哲學的理性思維與基督教教義相互碰撞,而建構了支撐中世紀思想的框架。尤其在羅馬帝國範疇內,基督教逐步結合理性與信仰,塑造出獨特的教父神學和經院哲學,此一融合成為中世紀哲學的基石。同時,阿拉伯世界的伊斯蘭教融合了希臘哲學和《古蘭經》教義,發展出理性與信仰兼具的伊斯蘭哲學,並且在歐亞大陸傳播知識。而佛教在東亞的傳播則激發其本身與儒家思想的交流與論辯,為東亞哲學帶來新的思想養分與視角。
 
  本書闡述「超越」與「普遍」的概念在各文化中的發展軌跡。這一時期的哲學不僅吸收了各地宗教的智慧養分,也在拜占庭、印度、西歐和東亞之間形成知識流動的網絡。本書透過多角度的分析,呈現了這些哲學思想如何在適應與回應宗教需求的過程中,不斷建立和鞏固貫穿東西方的普世哲學基礎,為後來的思想發展奠立深遠而穩固的根基。
 
本書特色
 
  ◎非哲學愛好者也需要的思想座標:無論是啟蒙時代的理性革命,還是現代社會的自我探尋,哲學始終是理解我們所處時代和文化的核心坐標。從蘇格拉底、孔子的對話,到近代東西方思想的交鋒,《世界哲學史》提供的不僅僅是哲學愛好者的書單,更是一部讓所有人建立思想基礎、拓展視野的系統化指南。這套書用深入淺出的文字,使哲學成為每個人都能親近的智慧寶庫。
 
  ◎全面整合最新哲學研究與多元文化視角:近半個世紀以來,哲學研究突破了以往的地域限制,進一步揭示了東西方思想間的相互影響。這套書不僅聚焦於希臘、印度與中國哲學的傳統經典,更整合了近年來對東亞及全球文化中哲學變遷的研究成果,幫助讀者重塑對哲學的理解。從全球視角深入探索哲學的流變,讓讀者得以在二十一世紀重拾對人類智慧的深層思考。
 

作者

伊藤邦武KUNITAKE ITO
 
  一九四九年生,京都大學榮譽教授。京都大學文學研究科博士課程中退;史丹佛大學研究所哲學科碩士畢業。專攻分析哲學、美國哲學。著有《實用主義入門》(筑摩新書)、《宇宙為何會成為哲學問題》(筑摩primer新書)、《珀斯的實用主義》(勁草書房)、《詹姆士的多元宇宙論》(岩波書店)、《話說哲學的歷史》(中公新書)等作品。
 
山內志朗SHIRO YAMAUCHI
 
  一九五七年生,慶應義塾大學文學部教授。東京大學大學院人文科學研究科博士課程中退。專攻西洋中古哲學、倫理學。著有《普遍論爭》(平凡社library)、《天使的符號學》(岩波書店)、《「誤讀」的哲學》(青土社)、《小小倫理學入門》、《有感的經院哲學》(慶應義塾大學出版會)、《湯殿山的哲學》(普紐瑪社)等。
 
中島隆博TAKAHIRO NAKAJIMA
 
  一九六四年生,東京大學東洋文化研究所教授兼所長。東京大學大學院人文科學研究科博士課程中退。專攻中國哲學、比較思想史。著有《惡之哲學:中國哲學的想像力》(筑摩選書)、《莊子:告知成為雞之時》(岩波書店)、《作為思想的言語》(岩波現代全書)、《殘響的中國哲學:言語與政治》、《共生的實踐:國家與宗教》(東京大學出版會)等。
 
納富信留NOTOMI NOBURU
 
  一九六五年生,東京大學大學院人文社會系研究科教授兼文學部部長。東京大學研究所人文科學研究科碩士,劍橋大學研究所古典學部博士。專攻西方古代哲學。專長為西洋古代哲學。著有《詭辯者是誰?》《哲學的誕生:蘇格拉底是誰?》(筑摩學藝文庫)、《柏拉圖與哲學:閱讀對話篇》(岩波新書)等。
 
作者
 
納富信留NOTOMI NOBURU(前言)
 
  東京大學大學院人文社會系研究科教授兼文學部部長,專攻西方古代哲學。
 
山內志朗SHIRO YAMAUCHI(第一章、後記)
 
  慶應義塾大學文學部榮譽教授,專攻西洋中世紀哲學、倫理學。
 
袴田玲REI HAKAMADA(第二章)
 
  岡山大學大學院社會文化科學研究科講師,專攻東方基督教思想。
 
山崎裕子HIROKO YAMAZAKI(第三章)
 
  文教大學國際學部教授,專攻西方中世紀哲學、基督教倫理。
 
永嶋哲也TETSUYA NAGASHIMA(第四章)
 
  福岡齒科大學口腔齒學部教授,專攻西方中世紀語言哲學。
 
關澤和泉IZUMI SEKIZAWA(第五章)
 
  東日本國際大學高等教育研究開發中心教授,專攻語言學史、西方中世紀思想史、高等教育論。
 
菊地達也TATSUYA KIKUCHI(第六章)
 
  東京大學大學院人文社會系研究科教授,專攻伊斯蘭思想史。
 
周藤多紀TAKI SUTOU(第七章)
 
  京都大學大學院文學研究科副教授,專攻西方中世紀哲學。
 
志野好伸YOSHINOBU SHINO(第八章)
 
  明治大學文學部教授,專攻中國哲學。
 
片岡啟KEI KATAOKA(第九章)
 
  九州大學人文科學研究院副教授,專攻印度哲學。
 
阿部龍一RYUUICHI ABE(第十章)
 
  哈佛大學東亞語言文化學系教授、哈佛大學賴肖爾日本研究所日本宗教負責教授,專攻密教史、佛教與文學、美術。
 
藪本將典MASANORI YABUMOTO(專欄一)
 
  慶應義塾大學法學部副教授,專攻西方中世紀法史。
 
金山彌平YASUHIRA KANAYAMA(專欄二)
 
  名古屋大學人文學研究科教授,專攻西方古代哲學。
 
高橋英海HIDEMITSU TAKAHASHI(專欄三)
 
  東京大學大學院總合文化研究科教授,專攻敘利亞語文獻學。
 
大月康弘YASUHIRO OOTSUKI(專欄四)
 
  一橋大學大學院經濟學研究科教授,專攻經濟史、西方中世紀史、拜占庭學。
 
譯者
 
鄭天恩
 
  臺大歷史所碩士畢,大隱於市、靜觀紅塵流轉的癡人一枚。曹雪芹與劉姥姥的愛慕者,目前正致力於如何將茄子做出雞肉味的祕訣。譯有:《最後的帝國軍人》、《凱爾特‧最初的歐洲》、《文明的海洋史觀》、《珍珠港》、《海上霸權》、《東方直布羅陀爭霸戰》、《諾門罕之夏》、《烏克蘭戰場》等。
 
山村奨(監譯)
 
  總合研究大學院大學博士。專攻東亞思想、儒學、陽明學。著有《近代日本與變遷中的陽明學》(法政大學出版社),合著有《東亞哲學的生成與發展:跨文化視角》(法政大學出版社)。
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M. L. Asselin
Massapequa, US
★★★★★ 5
Who is Jesus: A Case for Jesus’ Divinity
Format: Hardcover
I thoroughly enjoyed reading Brant Pitre’s “The Case for Jesus.” The New Testament scholar’s contribution to Catholic popular literature on the identity of Jesus stands well above much of the plethora of material available to Christian readers today. Pitre (mostly) convincingly builds his case through careful, fact-based argumentation--even if one could draw different conclusions from the same evidence. What case is Pitre trying to make? In effect, he makes several cases leading up to his central point of who Jesus was and is. In the first part of this slim volume, he treats the authorship of the Gospels. In this matter, as in most of the book, his principle foil seems to be Bart Ehrman, a former Fundamentalist Christian-turned-apostate scholar whose popular works attempt to undermine the validity of the Gospels as meaningful historical documents and specifically the claim that Jesus is the Son of God. Contrary to Ehrman, Pitre argues for the traditional authorship of the Gospels. As two significant pieces of evidence, Pitre points out that even the earliest Gospel manuscripts and secondary references to the Gospels include the writers’ names by which we know them. The Gospels, then, were never really “anonymous.” This leads Pitre to challenge the scholarly consensus on the dating of the Gospels, and the more controversial hypothesis that Matthew and Luke were based in part on a hypothetical, now lost (and, as Pitre points out, never referenced) book of Jesus sayings denoted by scholars as the “Q” source. As for the so-called lost or apocryphal gospels, Pitre shows that they were never really lost, that most of them were known by early Christian writers, who regarded them as forgeries. In the case of the apocryphal gospels, then, even though the internal evidence suggests that they were written by the apostles to whom they were ascribed, the attributions were never accepted. Ehrman has argued that the apocryphal gospels were not accepted by mainstream or orthodox Christianity, but were embraced by the communities, such as the Gnostics, for whom they were written. In a way, Pitre and Ehrman aren’t in contradiction here, but they just interpret the data differently. In other words, if you accept that the Church Fathers are espousing the correct version of Christianity, then Pitre’s point stands; if you hold on to the view that the Church Fathers represented one view of Christianity among many, all to be regarded equally, then the criticism of the (orthodox) Church Fathers matters less. Pitre, while not dismissing the validity of literary criticism, argues for the historical value of the Gospels. He wants to treat the Gospels as biographies of Jesus. Their inconsistencies and apparent contradictions stem not, as Ehrman would have it, from a “telephone game”-like process of accretions and alterations over time, or even so much from the requirements of the communities for which they were written, as from the different perspectives and life experiences of their writers. Pitre notes the similarities between the Gospels and ancient Greco-Roman biographies in countering the ideas of Ehrman and before him, Rudolf Bultmann, in thinking of the Gospels as akin to folktales, fairy stories, and myths. Pitre stands for the literal truth of the Gospels as far as they will allow in part because two of the four Gospels tell us that they are true (Lk 1:1-4; Jn 19:35, 21:24-25). There’s a bit of circularity in that argument. The main case for Jesus that Pitre wants to make is for His divinity. The Gospels, as Luke Timothy Johnson and other scholars have explained, try to answer, however obliquely, the question Jesus himself poses to Peter: “But who do you say that I am?” (Mk 8:29). Pitre makes the case that the Gospels--even the synoptic Gospels--speak to Jesus’ being God. Pitre makes a lively, even entertaining, argument, using some passages, e.g., the reference to the sign of Jonah, in ways I certainly hadn’t thought of before. Even though as a Catholic I accept Jesus’ divinity, I am willing to allow that others may look at Pitre’s argument and reasonably come to different conclusions. One train of thinking might be this: Pitre notes that Jesus speaks in parables and riddles, and so His claims to divinity are indirect. Moreover, an outright and indeed blasphemous claim to His divinity might have put an even earlier end to Jesus’ three years of ministry. But the Gospel writers should not have been constrained by either Jesus’ particular application of rhetoric or his need to be circumspect; why did the Gospel writers not forthrightly declare that Jesus was God? I think the proper response to this is that Matthew, Mark, Luke and John wanted the person encountering the Gospels to answer for themselves who Jesus was and is. In other words, by transmitting the way Jesus conveyed who He was to His disciples perhaps they, too, would draw in and win over later followers of Christ. It’s much more efficacious to engage the potential convert that way than simply to assert that Jesus is God. Brad Pitre has written a wonderful and engaging book. Even if you don’t agree with all of his conclusions, you will appreciate his logical and engaging discussion. This book is meant for the general reader, although it does have a scholarly apparatus by way of careful notes. An index would have been nice but this is a short book of a couple hundred pages. If you’re on a long flight, this book would be the perfect company.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 28, 2016
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C. Appleyard
Lake Worth, US
★★★★★ 5
A wonderful book for all Christians who wish to defend the credibility of our bible
Format: Paperback
Brant Petrie is a wonderful Catholic Bible Scholar, having both a deep love and understcanding of his own faith and the faith of Jesus of Nazareth, Judaism. Everyone of his books and videos provide deeper insight who is Jesus, the ancient faith He handed on and even why it grew as swiftly as it did...always using the Old Testament to enlighten our understanding of the New. He couldn't do this if he wasn't completely convinced himself of Who Jesus is and the credibility of the Scriptures that reveal Him to us. That is what this book is about. Petrie takes you point by point through the arguments that modern scripture scholars and atheists put forth about the New Testament, that we have no idea who wrote the Gospels, they were written anonymously, they are myth or folktale etc. The most stunning reality is that these people literally ignore the facts; they ignore common sense The second topic he tackles is the assertion that Jesus wasn't divine because He never claimed to be God. They dismiss John's gospel, saying the idea that Jesus was God, was a later development and clearly not believed from the beginning as witness by the fact that no where in the Synoptic Gospels does Jesus claim divinity. Petrie, again using his understanding of Judaism and how ideas are expressed in the culture, clearly demonstrates that while, Jesus never stands up pounding his chest saying, "I am God", He very distinctly, even explicitly makes His divinity known. If He hadn't, the high priest would not have rend his garments and there would never have been a crucifixion. The case is made simply and in a straight forward manner. Arguments that all of us can use, with love, when the credibility of scripture is questioned. He also has a pleasant writing style. He has a wonderful sense of humor in his videos and while it is less obvious in the book, his gentle strength is quite evident. If you love scripture and the Christian faith, this is a book you will want to read.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2020
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Lawman
Charlottesville, US
★★★★★ 5
The best "Jesus book" outside the Bible
Format: Kindle
If you are looking for a dry academic tome that spends page after page delving into the minutiae of little known biblical passages, you need to look someplace else. If, however you are looking for a fresh, dynamic and eye opening book tackling the big questions about who Jesus claimed to be, the reliability and authorship of the Gospels, and other questions surrounding the life and ministry of Jesus, then this is the book for you. Written by a well respected academic but for a non-specialist readership, Dr. Pitre's writing is engaging while not being breezy. He uses footnotes to back up his assertions but not so many as to overwhelm the reader. Don't get me wrong, I like a weighty academic tome as well as the next nerd. I would strongly recommend one of Dr. Joshua R. Brotherton's books. But nerds aren't Dr. Pitre's only intended audience. It's all of us who have been bombarded with claims that the gospels are unreliable and anonymous, written well after the lifetime of the Apostles. That Jesus never claimed to be divine or that the resurrection is nothing more than myth. It addresses these and other issues in a way that makes you resolve to buy copies of his book for family and friends even before you're halfway through the book. I know I did and I bet you will to.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 8, 2024
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Robert C.
Port Orchard, US
★★★★★ 5
An Excellent Summary Defending The Synoptic Gospels and Jesus Christ's Claims of Divinity
Format: Hardcover
This book is an excellent summary that refutes the arguments made by modern theologians and scholars of the Bible that claim that the Gospels were of anonymous authorship, written late in the 1st Century AD, and Jesus of Nazareth never claimed to be divine. Bart Ehrman's (an avowed atheist that seems motivated to denigrate Christianity) shoddy scholarship is frequently given as an example to be refuted. The author cites the Apostolic Fathers and more recent scholars to show that the claims made by the revisionists are incorrect. There are several detailed 5 Star reviews, so I won't duplicate their praises for Dr. Pitre's book. The book is a quick read and there are numerous end notes. A minor criticism is that the book lacks a bibliography, but the sources are fully identified within the end notes. The author makes a couple of very interesting observations concerning the Transfiguration of Jesus and how Jesus fulfilled Scripture (namely, the Book of Jonah) that I had not considered before. One of the negative reviews cites the notes in the New American Bible as evidence that Dr. Pitre's book is incorrect. While it is true that the Catholic Church in the U.S. uses the NAB translation in its liturgy, other Biblical scholars dispute the notes included in that edition of the Bible. A similar problem exists with the notes included with Oxford's Catholic Study Bible. The notes were written by modern revisionists. I suppose you have to decide whether to accept the words of the Apostolic Fathers (i.e., men that either were or knew the Apostles) and Jesus Christ, or if -- 2000 years later -- you're too sophisticated to accept the word of some ancient guys. The author is Catholic, and the book has been granted an Imprimatur. However, since this book does not get into the weeds concerning doctrinal differences, it should be of value to any Christian.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 15, 2024
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Dick
Birmingham, US
★★★★★ 4
Good but more academic
Format: Hardcover
I love Brant Pitre, especially his books Jesus and the Jewish Roots of the Eucharist and Jesus the Bridegroom. I would say those books should be required reading for anyone who is catechist or is involved in RCIA as Catholics. This book is good, however it is primarily an academic work where Dr. Pitre takes on the Historical Jesus movement and Dr. Bart Ehrman in particular. In this book he goes on to show that the gospels were written within a few decades of Jesus death by the disciples that have given their names to the gospels. He uses his knowledge of Jewish faith and culture to show that Jesus really does claim to be God in all the gospels, not just the Gospel of John. It is a good book but not one that I would find useful on a regular basis.
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Reviewed in the United States on March 14, 2016

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